Construction Thumb Rules

50 Construction Thumb Rules used by Civil Engineers

 Construction Thumb rules

What Is Thumb Rule?

First of all, we have to understand what is a Thumb Rule.

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Thumb Rules are known as an approximate method, you must remember that This method can never be accurate or never give you exact results,  but you can use them just for approximate results to make quick decision-making in the construction field whenever needed.   Thumb rules enable you to make smart & quick decisions whenever needed.

 

These Thumb Rules are very essential for every civil engineer, Site engineer, civil supervisor site in charge, etc while making quick decisions on site.

We can use the Thumb Rules for almost every construction industry calculation like manpower estimation, concrete calculation, brickwork calculation, the material requirement for plastering, wastage calculation, etc.,

There are many Thumb rules for Civil Engineers that we use in construction work. So, Let us learn about some extensive Thumb rules that are most frequently and popularly used by engineers on the Construction site for various activities. If you get to benefit from it then please share.

Thumb Rule 1:

Thumb Rule For Excavation

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Excavation Quantity – 3 x Footing Concrete Quantity  

Let’s take an example,

Footing Size – 2 x 1mtr.

Depth of Footing – 3mtr.

So, the Concrete Quantity of footing = 2x1x3 = 6m3.

Then, Excavation Quantity – 3 x Footing concrete quantity

– 3 x 6 = 18m3.

 

Prove that:-

Always Consider Offsets for excavations

Length of Footing  – 0.5 + 2 + 0.5 = 3mtr.

Width of Footing  – 0.5 + 1 + 0.5 = 2mtr.

Depth of Footing – 0.100 + 3 = 3.1mtr.

Then, Excavation Quantity – L x B x H

– 3 x 2 x 3.1 = 18.6m3.

(The actual excavation quantity is near the thumb rule quantity)

Thumb Rule 2

Thumb Rule For Concrete

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

if you know the plan area Concrete volume can be easily calculated

As per the thumb rule Concrete volume required = 0.038m3 per square foot of plan area.

Let’s take an example,

Thus if the floor plan of a house is 40 X 20,

then the total plan area is 800 sqft

Quantity of concrete per square foot = 0.038 m3

Then, the Volume of concrete – 800×0.038

So, the Volume of concrete – is 30.4m3 (for any structural members area).

Thus Total concrete quantity required to build an 800sqft house is  – 30.4m3

Thumb Rule 3:

Thumb Rule For Steel Quantity Required for Slab, beam, footing & columns.

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

For residential buildings – 4.5 to 4.75kg/-Sqft.

For commercial buildings – 5 to 5.50kg/-Sqft Or 80 to 150kg/m3.

For Tall mass heavy structure projects – 6 to 8kg/-sqft

This Rcc steel estimation qty is not so accurate, If you want more accurate results, Consider BN Datta’s recommendations as shown below …..

(Bar Bending Schedule Part-1) Kindle Edition.

50 Construction Thumb Rules used by Civil Engineers
50 Construction Thumb Rules Used by Civil Engineers

This Ebook is specially designed for Freshers Civil Engineers. Recommended for Quantity Surveyors & Billing Engineers. Here You Can Learn All the Basic concepts and formulas for Bar Bending schedules (BBS).

B.N Dutta’s recommendation as per IS code

Percentage of Steel in Structural Members

i). Slab – 1% of total concrete Volume.

ii). Beam – 2% of total concrete Volume.

iii). Column – 2.5% of total concrete Volume.

iv). Footing – 0.8% of total concrete Volume.

For Example,

Slab having dimension – 5m x 4m x 0.15m (L x B x D)

Total  Concrete volume – 3m3

According to B.N Dutta’s recommendation, Steel quantity in the Slab – is 1% of the total concrete Volume.

So, Required Qty of Steel in Slab = Concrete Volume x Density of steel x 1%

= 3m3 x 7850 kg/m3 x 0.01 = 235kg.

Thumb Rule 4:

Thumb Rule for Shuttering Work

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Shuttering is required for pouring concrete & the shuttering work is called by another name “Form Work” because it gives a uniform shape and smoothness to the concrete. so that it helps to shape the concrete. Shuttering is an important part of building construction.

Generally, Shuttering Cost – 15 to 18% of total construction cost.

Suppose the total Structure Cost – is Rs.2Lakh.

So, Total Shuttering Cost – 15 to 18% of 2lakh = Rs.30,000 to 36,000/-

The Thumb rule for shuttering work is listed below.

Type of Concrete Element No of Times Sqm Per cubic meter
Foundation 2 to 3 times the concrete volume
Column 11 to 13 times the concrete volume
Beam 11 to 12 times the concrete volume
Slab 6 to 8 times the concrete volume

or 2.4 times Plinth Area.

For example, if the concrete quantity is 1 m3, then

Area of Shuttering is 1 x 6 = 6m2

Components of Shuttering:-

Shuttering Ply, Battens, Nails, shuttering oil & binding wires are the components of Shuttering.

i.)  Shuttering Ply quantity Calculation by Thumb rule

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Suppose,

Shuttering Ply size – 2.44 x 1.22 x 0.012mm.

No. of Ply Sheets required = 0.22 times of shuttering area

Let, the Area of Shuttering = 5m2.

So, Shuttering Ply Required = 0.22 x 5 = 1.1m2.

ii). Battens Quantity Calculation:

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Battens have different widths but we usually use shuttering batten having a length & width of 75mm x 40mm.

Batten Quantity = 19.82 x No. of Ply Sheets

Let’s construction require 32 Ply sheets

So, The Total quantity of Battens required = 19.82 x 32 = 634 Nos. Battens.

iii.)  Nails quantity Calculation by Thumb rule

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

In 1m2 Shuttering = 75gm nails are required.

In 1m2 Shuttering = 75gm bolts are required.

Example:

10m2is total area of shuttering,  then Binding wire  required = 75 x 10 = 750gms

iv.)  Binding wire quantity Calculation by Thumb rule

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

In 1m2 Shuttering = 75gm binding wire is required.

Example:

10m2is total area of shuttering,  then Binding wire  required = 75 x 15 = 750gms

v.)  Shuttering oil quantity Calculation by Thumb rule

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Shuttering oil is used to de-frame or de-assemble from the concrete easily. Oil is applied on the surface of ply or metal plates for easy removal of shuttering.

Oil Required – 0.065 x total area of shuttering.

Let’s take an example,

Suppose, Shuttering Area = 15m2

So, Oil Required = 15 x 0.065 = 0.975 or 1ltr.

(or)

For every 15m2 of shuttering 1 liter of shuttering oil is consumed.

Thumb Rule 5

The thumb rule for removing Shuttering

Shuttering should be removed only after the member has attained suitable strength. The below table mentions details about the removal of shuttering duration.

Sr. No. Member of Structure Days
1. Sides of foundation, column, beams, and walls 2 days
2. Sides of span larger than 4.5 meters 14 days
3. Sides of span shorter than 4.5 meter 7 days
4. Sides of beams and arches up to 6-meter span 14 days
5. Sides of beams and arches from 6 m to 9 m span 21 days
6. Sides of beams and arches above a 9-meter span 28 days

Thumb Rule 6

Thumb rule for concrete work

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

 Thumb rule for the quantity of cement/sand/Coarse aggregates and fine aggregates in different grades for 1 m3.

Concrete Mix Cement In Bags Aggregates In Cum Sand in Cum
 M – 5 (1:5:10) 2.77 bags 0.96m3 0.48m3
M – 7.5 (1:4:8) 3.41 bags 0.94m3 0.47m3
M – 10 (1:3:6) 4.44 bags 0.92m3 0.46m3
M – 15 (1:2:4) 6.34 bags 0.88m3 0.44m3
M – 20 (1:1.5:3) 8.06 bags 0.84m3 0.42m3
M25 (1:1:2)  11.09 077 0.39

Thumb Rule 7

Thumb Rule For Plastering

Sr. No. Plastering Type Ratio Plaster Thickness (mm) Cement (Bags/m2) Sand (m3/m2)
1. Internal wall Plaster 1:3 15 0.16 0.017
2. External Wall Plaster 1:4 20 0.17 0.024
3. Ceiling Plaster 1:2 12 0.17 0.012
4. Rough Plaster 1:5 16 0.11 0.020

Thumb Rule 8

Thumb Rule For Flooring

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

The quantity of cement required for laying flooring can be calculated based on the thumb rule below.

Sr. No. Type of Flooring Thumb Rule for cement
1. Marble Flooring 0.3 Bags/m2
2. Marble Skirting 0.025 Bags/m
3. Marble Glading 0.27 Bags/m2
4. Terrace Flooring 0.3 Bags/m2
5. Granolithic Flooring 0.25 Bags/m2
6. Mangalore Tile 0.35 Bags/m2
7. Ceramic Flooring 0.3 Bags/m2
8. Vitrified Tile Flooring 0.28 Bags/m2
9. Vitrified and ceramic tile dado 0.25 Bags/m2
10. Anti-skid Flooring 0.28 Bags/m2

Thumb Rule 9

Thumb Rule For Cement Masonry Quantity

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules
Cement Masonry Type & Mix Cement Qty in Bags Cement Qty in Kgs
200mm in Cement Masonry work
of Ratio 1:6
0.124Bags/m2 6.2Kgs/m2
150mm in Cement Masonry work
of Ratio 1:6
0.093Bags/m2 4.65Kgs/m2
200mm in Cement Masonry work
of Ratio 1:4
0.206Bags/m2 10.3Kgs/m2
150mm in Cement Masonry work
of Ratio 1:4
0.144Bags/m2 7.2Kgs/m2
100mm in Cement Masonry work
of Ratio 1:4
0.103Bags/m2 5.15Kgs/m2

Thumb Rule 10

Thumb Rule For Cement Sand Masonry Quantity In Brickwork

The thumb rule for Brickwork for different mix ratio thicknesses of brickwork along with cement sand required are given below.

Sr. No. Brickwork Mix Ratio Mortar Thick (mm) Cement Qty (Bags/m3) Sand (m3)
1. 100 mm thick 1:4 10 0.15 0.035
2. 200 mm thick 1:6 10 1.4 0.30
3. 200 mm thick 1:5 10 1.7 0.25
4. 200 Blockwork 1:5 10 0.15

0.02

Thumb Rule 11

Thumb Rule For Masonry Wall Mortar Quantity 

If, Mortar Ratio – is 1:4

A 100sqft wall consume

Cement bags – 2Nos.

Sand – 24Nos. Bucket.

And, 1 bag of cement containing – 3 bucket

So, Cement Bucket – 6 Nos.

Sand Bucket – 24 Nos.

Thumb Rule 12

Thumb rule for Masonry Wall bricks Quantity 

Construction Thumb Rules

A 100sqft wall consume

Brick 9’’ – 950 -1000 bricks.       

Brick 4’’ – 450 – 500 bricks.

But Always order 50 to 100 bricks extra for wastage.

Thumb Rule 13

Cement bags quantity in Concrete Slab 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Let’s Take an Example,

Slab Area – 900Sqft 

So, Cement Bags – 9 x 7 = 63 Bags.

Let’s take another example

Slab Area – 1300sqft

So, Cement Bags – 13 x 7 = 91 Bags.

Thumb Rule 14

Find the depth of the Foundation by the Thumb rule 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

As per IS Code – 1080 – 1982

Depth of foundation for a multistory building.

5% to 10% of the height of the building.

For example,

No. of the floor – 17Nos & overhead tank height 3mtr.

Ground to first-floor height = 4.2mtr.

1st to 17th floor – 3mtr.

So, the Total Height of the Building – 4.2 + (17 x 3) + 3 = 58.21mtr.

So, the depth of the foundation may be as per thumb rules.

Total building height x 5 to 10%

= 58.21 x 5% = 2.91mtr or, 58.21 x 10% = 5.82mtr.

It depends on the soil condition.

Thumb Rule 15

Labor Productivity by Thumb Rule 

 

Labor output per day in construction activity can help estimate the number of labor required to perform a particular work or task.

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Manpower productivity estimates are shown below:

Brickwork – 1 mason + 1 Labor + 1 Female labor  = 1.25m3 or 45cft ( for 8 hrs).

Block Work 4″ – 1 Mason + 1Male Mazdoor + 1Female Mazdoor – 8 Sqm

Block Work 6″ – 1 Mason + 1Male Mazdoor + 1Female Mazdoor – 8 Sqm

Block Work 8″ – 1 Mason + 1Male Mazdoor + 1Female Mazdoor – 10 Sqm

Wall Plastering – 1 mason + 1 Labor = 10m2 or 107sft ( for 8 hrs).

Ceiling Plastering – 1 mason + 1 Labor = 8m2 or 85sft ( for 8 hrs).

External Plastering – 1 mason + 1 Labor = 8m2 or 85sft ( for 8 hrs).

Carpenter Shuttering Work – 1 skilled + 1 unskilled = 4m2 ( for 8 hrs).

Bar Binder – 1 skilled + 1 unskilled = 150kg ( for 8 hrs).

Tile Work – 1 mason + 1 Labor = 10sqm ( for 8 hrs).

Painting Work – 1 Skilled Painter = 600 sqft

Earth digging – 5 male labor + 4 female Labor = 1000cft ( for 8 hrs).

From the above standard labor productivity in construction, we can calculate labor requirements and estimations.

Thumb Rule 16

Bricks Required in 1 m3 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

500 Nos. (For standard-size bricks).

Thumb Rule 17

Mortar Required for 500 Bricks 

0.25m3.

Thumb Rule 18

Concrete Qty = Area x  thumb rules

Area – Total Built-up Area ( Plinth area x No. of Floors).

For Commercial –  Area x 0.5m3

For Residential – Area x 0.2m3

Thumb Rule 19

House Construction Cost by Thumb rules

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Civil Structural works cost – Rs.1200/-sqft.

Finishing work cost – Rs. 650/-sqft.

Thumb Rule 20

Painting cost-by-thumb rules

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

2-layer putty + 2-layer paint coat.

Rs. 18 to 20/-sqft.

Thumb Rule 21

Flooring 

Marble Rate – Rs.100 to 120/-sqft.

Granite Rate – Rs.20 to 22/-sqft.

Thumb Rule 22

Electricals 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Rs.70 to 120/-sqft For materials (A rough guide).

Rs.15 to 32/-sqft for labor.

Thumb Rule 23

Cement Required per m3 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

M10  – 210kg

M20 – 320kg

M25 – 340kg

M30 – 380kg

M35 – 410kg

M40 – 430kg

M45 – 450kg

Thumb Rule 24

Anti–termite treatment 

The chemical’s name is chlorophyrifac 20%.

Diluting 5ltr of chemical with 95ltr of water and usage is 7.5sqm per ltr.

To provide 1’’ dia. Hole and 1-foot depth Use 7.5sqm per ltr.

Thumb Rule 25

Thumb Rule for Water Proofing

Sr. No. Water Proofing work Thumb rule
1. Waterproofing for sunk slab 0.23 Bags/m2
2. Waterproofing for walls 0.23 Bags/m2
3. Waterproofing for toilets 0.65 Bags/m2

 Thumb Rule 26

Vitrified tile flooring 

0.28 cement bags/sqm.

Thumb Rule 27

Ceramic tile flooring 

0.28 cement bags/sqm. 

Thumb Rule 28

Daddo tile flooring 

0.27 cement bags/sqm. 

Thumb Rule 29

AAC Blocks – 12.5Nos/sqm.

Thumb Rule 30

Wall Putty

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

– 14 to 15sqft/-kg (For 2 Coats).

– 8 to 12 sqft/-kg (For 3 Coats).

Thumb Rule 31

Primer     

– 120 to 140sqft/-kg (For 1 Coat).

– 70 to 90 sqft/-kg (For 2 Coats).

Thumb Rule 32

Labor cost for painting 

– Rs.10 to 15/-sqft.

Thumb Rule 33

Cement  Consume for Plastering by Thumb Rules

For External Plastering – 8.75kg/m2.

For Internal Plastering – 4.5kg/m2.

Ceiling Plastering – 0.11 bags/m2.

Thumb Rule 34

Labor required for Demolishing by Thumb Rules

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

PCC (1:2:4 or 1:3:6) for 1m3 – 2 Labors (8hrs).

RCC (Lead 50mtr) for 1 m3 – 4 Labors (8hrs).

Brickwork (Lead 50mtr) for 1 m3 – 2Labor (8hrs).

Removing Mortars for 10m3 – 4 mason & 25 labors with (cleaning & stacking).

Thumb Rule 35

Labor required for Masonry by Thumb Rules

Construction Thumb Rules

Brickwork :- 7.55sqm – 1 mason + 1 man labor + 1 Women labor (for 8hrs).

Block work :- 12m2    – 1 mason + 1 man labor + 1 Women labor (for 8hrs).

DPC:- 100m2 – 5 mason + 6 man labor (for 8hrs).

Thumb Rule 36

Cement Consume for Marble Flooring – 0.3 bags/sqm.

Thumb Rule 37

Thumb Rules For Contractors

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

i). Floor-to-floor height should be a minimum.

ii). Use repetitive formwork & MS shuttering.

iii). Use the Standard size of Columns.

iv). Adopt a uniform column layout.

v). Use the same beam bottom & beam depth.

vi). Use high-strength concrete in column eg.M30.

vii). Use high early-strength concrete.

vii). Use locally available materials. 

viii). Use the commonly available size of bars and spirals

ix). Eliminate bent bars where possible

x). Use the largest bar size that satisfies the design considerations

xi). Avoid the congestion of steel

Thumb Rule 38

Thumb Rules to calculate materials qty. for house construction.

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Let, Built-up Area – 1000sqft

i). Cement – Built-up Area x 0.4

= 1000 x 0.4 = 400bags

ii). Sand – Built-up Area x 0.816

= 1000 x 0.816 = 816 tone or 51m3.

iii). Aggregates – Built-up Area x 0.608

= 1000 x 0.608 = 608 tone.

iv). Steel – Built-up Area x 4

= 1000 x 4 = 4tone.

v). Paint – Built-up Area x 0.18

= 1000 x 0.18 = 18ltr.

vi). Flooring – Built-up Area x 1.3

= 1000 x 1.3 = 1300sqft (with skirting).

vii). Bricks – Built-up Area x 25

= 1000 x 25 = 25000Nos.

Thumb Rule 39

Thumb Rules to Find Depth of Beams

According to ACI Code – 318 -14 (Table no. 9.5A)

Depth of beam in inch = Length of a beam in feet

For Example,

Length of beam = 5mtr. Or 5 x 3.28 = 16.40 feet

So, the depth of the beam = 16.40 inches.

Thumb Rule 40

Thumb Rules for Design Beam Size

Depth of beam = Effective Span / 12

 For Example,                         

Length of Span = 5mtr or 5000 / 12 = 417mm

or, depth of beam = 16.40 inches.

Thumb Rule 41

Thumb Rules for Design Slab Size 

As per IS 456,

i). Simply supported Slab–Span/30

ii). Continuous Slab – Span/30

iii). Cantilever Slab – Span/7

This is applicable for slab spans 10mtr or less than 10mtr only not for more than 10mtr.

Thumb Rule 42

Standard data for tolerance 

i). Accuracy of measuring equipment in batching plant

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

i). cement – +_2%

ii). Aggregates –  +_3%

iii). Admixture –  +_3%

iv). Water –  +_3%

v). Mixing time – 2 minutes for 1 mixing.

Thumb Rule 43

Standard data for tolerance 

ii). Tolerance on steel diameter in length

i). 0 – 25mm – +_0.5%

ii). 25 – 35mm – +_0.6%

iii). 35 – 50mm – +_0.8%

Thumb Rule 44

Standard data for tolerance 

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

iii). Tolerance on steel weight per meter

i). 0 – 10mm – +_0.7%

ii). 10 – 16mm – +_0.5%

iii). 16mm & above – +_0.3%

Thumb Rule 45

Standard data for tolerance 

iv). Tolerance for cutting length.

i). When the specified length is not given = _+75mm.

ii). When the length is given for cutting L = _+50mm.

 

Thumb Rule 46

 Thumb Rules In Building Construction Cost

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules
Sr. No. Material/ Work Thumb Rule
1. Cement 0.5 Bags/sqft
2. Steel 3 to 5 Kg/sqft
3. RMC 0.05 m3/sqft
4. Blockwork 12.5 no./m2
5. Electrical Cost ₹ 150/sqft
6. Plumbing Cost ₹ 140/sqft
7. Fire Fighting Cost ₹ 55/sqft
8. External Development Cost ₹ 94.5/sqft

Thumb Rule 47

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules

Thumb rules for construction cost

The average cost of Construction based on the quality of construction is shown below.

Construction Thumb Rules
Construction Thumb Rules
Sr. No. Construction Based on Quality Thumb Rule
1. Basic Quality Construction 1200 Rs./Sqft
2. Medium Quality Construction 1850 Rs./Sqft
3. High-Quality Construction 2500 Rs./Sqft

Thumb Rule 48

Requirement of standard materials and standard calculations in buildings Construction

Description Thumb rule (% of Total Cost)
Cement 16.4%
Sand 12.3%
Aggregate 7.4%
Steel 24.6%
Painting material 4.1%
Tiles 8%
Bricks 4.4%
Window 3%
Doors 3.4%
Plumbing 5.5%
Electrical 6.8%
Sanitary 4.1%

Thumb Rule 49

Percentage of Work stages and standard calculations in building Construction

Sr. No. Work Cost
1. Excavation and Filling Earthwork 0.5%
2. Foundation 5%
3. Damp Proof Course 1%
4. Brickwork 34%
5. Roofing 20%
6. Flooring 6%
7. Doors and window 16%
8. Plastering 10%
9. White Washing 2%
10. Miscellaneous 5.5%

Thumb Rule 50

Cost of building general thumb rules

Sr. No. Work Thumb Rule
 

Cost of Material and Labour

 
1. Material Cost 70% of Building Cost
2. Labour Cost 30% of Building Cost
 

Direct and Overhead Cost

 
1. Direct Cost 85% building cost
2. Overhead expense 15% of Building Cost
 

Foundation and Superstructure

 
1. Cost of Foundation 15% of Building Cost
2. Cost of Superstructure 85% of Building Cost

Thumb Rules for construction is an experienced base data, not collected from any books So, please don’t consider it accurate but it is an approximate figure. If we have missed anything please do let us know to update! 

Do you have any kind of thumb rules for yourself? If so share it with us in the comment section we would like to also learn something from you.

I earnestly hope that these thumb rules have been both meaningful and useful to you.

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Thanks For the Great Attention!

Also, Read

Reinforcement technical terms

1000Sqft house construction cost in 2022

Compound wall cost per Rft & Sqft

Basic House Construction Cost in 2022

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